A bone marrow biopsy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. During the procedure, a needle is inserted into a bone, typically the iliac crest of the pelvis, to obtain a sample of bone marrow. This sample is then examined under a microscope to diagnose or monitor various blood disorders and cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and anemia. Bone marrow biopsies are indicated for a variety of reasons, such as unexplained blood abnormalities detected in routine blood tests, persistent anemia, abnormal white blood cell or platelet counts, or to assess the effectiveness of treatment for blood cancers. Symptoms that may lead to a bone marrow biopsy include persistent fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained bleeding or bruising, and bone pain. Complications from a bone marrow biopsy are generally rare but can include pain at the biopsy site, bleeding, or infection. The procedure may cause temporary discomfort or soreness in the area where the needle is inserted. In some cases, patients might experience a hematoma (a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels) or bruising. Although serious complications are uncommon, they can occur and include damage to the surrounding tissues or bones. Patients with certain health conditions, such as bleeding disorders, may be at higher risk for complications and require additional precautions.
Preparation for a bone marrow biopsy usually involves a discussion with the healthcare provider about the procedure, potential risks, and post-procedure care. Patients may be advised to avoid certain medications that affect bleeding and to follow specific instructions to minimize the risk of complications. After the biopsy, patients are typically monitored for any immediate issues and may experience some soreness or bruising, which usually resolves within a few days. Overall, a bone marrow biopsy is a crucial tool in diagnosing and managing various hematologic conditions, providing essential information that guides effective treatment strategies.
